Contradiction in NATO’s Security Strategies in the Middle East Comparative Analysis of Libyan and Syrian crisis
Subject Areas : political geographyhosein soori 1 , ابراهیم خلیلی لاریمی 2 * , Reza 3
1 -
2 -
3 -
Keywords: NATO, the Middle East, Libyan crisis, Syrian crisis, Humanitarian intervention,
Abstract :
After the Cold War, NATO sought to revise its security identity through humanitarian operations aimed at preventing humanitarian catastrophes in various countries. But in fact, NATO has sought to extend its security influence to the peripheral regions, including the Middle East, by resorting to humanitarian operations. NATO has faced two major security crises on its southern borders, the Libyan and Syrian crises over the past few years, which have adopted a different security strategy in dealing with each of these crises. The Military Intervention Strategy in Libya (2011) and the Non-Intervention Strategy in Syria not only reflect practical inconsistencies in security strategies but also reflect normative inconsistencies in NATO security approaches. The contradictions are so profound that US and French presidents have been critical of NATO, calling it an "obsolete" and "brain dead" organization. Accordingly, the main question of the paper is what are the factors that create these practical and normative contradictions of NATO, especially in relation to the regional crises, including the two major crises of Libya and Syria? The paper hypothesized that the differences in the approach of major rival NATO powers, the role of emerging regional actors, and the different domestic capabilities of the target countries, have been the most important factors that have produced contradiction in NATO security strategies for coping with regional crises.
آزاده، سجاد (۱۳۹۰)، اهداف ناتو در لیبی ، مطالعات خاورمیانه. ۱۲۶-۹۹، (۱۸) ۶۷
جعفری، علی (۱۳۹۳)، ناتو در خاورمیانه و خلیج فارس تهران: انتشارات ابرار معاصر
قوام، عبدالعلی (۱۳۸۹)، روابط بین الملل: نظریه ها و رویکردها تهران: انتشارات سمت
مدکالف، جنیفر (۱۳۹۲)، ناتو (سازمان پیمان آتلانتیک شمالی) ترجمه عسگر قهرمان پور، تهران: نشر خرسندی
نجات، سید علی (۱۳۹۶)، بحران سوریه و بازیگران منطقه ای تهران: انتشارات فرهنگی ابرار معاصر
Afoaku, O. (2015), Comparative Analysis of UN Security Council Actions in Libya and Syria. School of Public and Environment Affairs
Allison, R. (2013), Russia and Syria: explaining alignment with a Regime In Crisis International Affairs, 89 (4), 795 – 823
Barnett, M. N. (2010). The International Humanitarian Order. New York: Routledge.
Bhardwaj, M. (2012), Development of conflict in Arab Spring Libya and Syria: From revolution to civil war. Washington University International Review, 1(1), 76-97.
Blower, A. ( 2017 ), The Syrian Refugee Crisis: A Short Orentation, Ryerson University Press
Booth, k. (2017), Realism and World Politics, Simultaneously Published in the USA and Canada
Buckley, C. A. (2012), Learning from Libya, acting in Syria. Journal of Strategic Security, 5 (2), 10
Daalder, I. and J. Stavridis ( 2012 ), NATO and Victory in Libya Crisis, Foreign Affairs
Davidson, J (2013), France, Britain, Russia and the Intervention in Libya: Integrate analysis. Cambridge Rewiew of International Affairs
Fahim, k. and D. Kirkpatrick ( 2011 ), Airstrikes Clear Way for Libyan Rebels: First Major Advance, New York: Routledge
Fermor, C. (2012), NATO Decision to Intervene in Libya: Realist Principles or Humanitarian?. Journal of Politics & International Studies, Vol. 8, Winter 2012/13
Gageneau, T. (2016-2017), Interventionisn and Failing of R2p: Syria as a Symbol of a Changing World Order, Faculteit Politieke en Sociale Wetenschappen.
Hinnebudch, R. ( 2012 ), Syria: From authoritarian upgrading to revolution ? international Affairs
Jones, J. (2015), Humanitarian Intervention in a Multipolar World, Washington University Global Studies Law Review
Kildron, L. (2012), The Libyan Model and Strategy: Why it Won't Work in Syria, Journal of Strategic Security, 5(4),8.
Kirkpatrick, D. ( 2011 ), NATO Target Qaddafi Ground Forces as Libyan Rebels Regroup, Foreign Affairs
Knapp, K. and Lecturer, S. ( 2014 ), The Crisis in Syria: The Case for UN Peacekeepers, International Relations Roound Table Coordinator
Lenarz, J. (2015), Rtop-Why intervention has Taken Place in Libya but not in Syria Humanitarian Intervention Centre
Losing, S. ( 2017 ), 360-NATO: Mobilization on all Fronts, News, Reports and Analyses from the European Parliament, Cambridge University Press
Macron, Emmanuel (2019) Macron warns Europe: NATO is becoming brain-dead, https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/11/07/emmanuel-macron-warns-europe-nato-is-becoming-brain-dead
Molesworth, T. and D. Newton (2015), Instability and Insecurity in Libya, Prepared by the United Nations Development Program
Orfy, M. ( 2011 ), NATO And Middle East: The geopolitical context post-9/11, Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
Perez, P. and Garau, S. (2013), NATO criteria for intervention in crisis response operation:Legitimacy and Legality, royal Danish defence college
Samaan, J. ( 2012 ), The New Logic of the Syrian Conflict And its Meaning for NATO, Research Division – NATO Defense College, Rome
Slim, H., & Trombetta, L. (2014), Syria crisis common context analysis. New York: Co-ordinated Accountability and Lessons Learning (CALL) Initiative, IASC Inter-Agency Humanitarian Evaluations Steering Group
Square, J. (2012), Syria: Prospects for Intervention, Chatham House Meeting Summary
Stefan, H. (2012), Explain Humanitarian Intervention In Libya and No-Intervention In Syria. Supervisor: Mohammed Hafez, University of the German Armed Forces Hamburg: 92
Thompson, K. (2005), Political Realism and the Crisis: An American Approach to Foreign Policy, Princeton University Press
Trump, Dona;d (2017) ‘Trump worries Nato with 'obsolete' comment’, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38635181
Turkmen, F. (2014), From Libya to Syria: The Rise and Fall of Humantarian Intervention?, Prepared for presentation at the 2014 ACUNS Annual meeting
Wales Summit Declaration, Issued by the heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Wales from 4 to 5 September 2014, Avilable at: http//www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112964.htm
Zenco, M. (2011), By Overreaching in Libya, NATO has Left Syria to Fend alone Council Foreign .